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| 16929-B13 | Diagnostics and Clinical Management of Invasive Fungal Infections | |
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Abstract
Invasive fungal infections (IFI) have become a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy for hematological malignancies or bone marrow transplantation. The incidence of IFI in febrile patients with therapy-induced neutropenia has been estimated at 10-20%, leading to a mortality rate of up to 80%. The vast majority of IFI are caused by Candida and Aspergillus species, but recent epidemiological studies from North America indicate the emergence and increasing incidence of previously uncommon fungal species such as hyaline moulds, dematiaceous filamentous fungi and yeast-like pathogens. Reports on the occurrence of the emerging fungi from European centers are scarce, suggesting either lower frequency or underdiagnosis of these pathogens. Current diagnostics of IFI is based on microbiological, histopathological and radiological findings. These techniques, however, are often not sensitive or fast enough to permit rational and timely initiation of treatment. In the clinical setting, the onset of antimycotic treatment is therefore generally based on indirect evidence for systemic fungal infections: clinical signs of sepsis unresponsive to different antibacterial agents for greater than 72-96 hours. This strategy, however, may lead to significant, and possibly deleterious delay of antimycotic therapy in patients with fungal sepsis. On the other hand, the pronounced organ toxicity of some antimycotic drugs provides a strong argument against prophylactic application of antifungal agents. Initiation of systemic antimycotic treatment based merely on clinical suspicion results in an unnecessary increase of organ toxicity in instances in which no IFI is present. It is of great interest therefore to establish ways of managing antimycotic treatment in immunocompromised patients based on firm evidence. To address this task, it is necessary to develop diagnostic approaches permitting rapid detection of invasive fungal infections. This would allow timely initiation of treatment, which is crucial for successful therapy.
As a prerequisite for addressing the tasks of the proposed study, a DNA-based quantitative pan-fungal detection assay based on the real-time Q-PCR technology will be established. This test will be designed to permit detection and quantitative analysis of all clinically relevant fungal species in a single reaction. The spectrum of human pathogenic fungi to be covered by this assay includes all important Aspergillus and Candida species, as well as other yeasts and moulds of potential clinical relevance, such as Trichosporon, Fusarium, Mucor or Rhizopus species as well as Cryptococcus neoformans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Malassezia furfur. The conceptual design of the pan-fungal RQ-PCR assay should significantly extend the capacity of currently existing real-time PCR approaches by facilitating the detection of close to 20 pathogenic fungal species in one test.
Upon establishment of the necessary diagnostic tool, a multi-center study in pediatric patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy for malignant hematological disorders, selected solid tumors or bone marrow transplantation will be carried out. In this cohort of patients, the following hypotheses will be tested:
It is conceivable that molecular screening in children receiving anti-tumor therapy will permit early identification of patients who have a high risk of IFI and might therefore benefit from preemptive antifungal treatment. Moreover, the results of the study are expected to provide a basis for rational antifungal therapy, permitting early initiation of treatment in patients with IFI, and avoiding unnecessary treatment-associated toxicity in patients who do not require systemic antifungal therapy.
Zusammenfassung Invasive Pilzinfektionen (IPI) gehen bei immungeschwächten Patienten unter intensiver Chemotherapie im Rahmen maligner Erkrankungen oder vor einer Knochenmarktransplantation (KMT) mit einer hohen Morbidität und Mortalität einher. Die Inzidenz von IPI bei febrilen Patienten mit therapieinduzierter Neutropenie wird auf 10-20% geschätzt und die Mortalitätsrate beträgt in solchen Fällen bis zu 80%. Der' Großteil invasiver Pilzinfektionen wird durch verschiedene Candida und Aspergillus Stämme verursacht. Allerdings zeigen neue epidemiologische Studien aus Nordamerika ein zunehmendes Auftreten von bisher selten beobachteten Pilzarten, wie etwa hyalinen Schimmelpilzen, chromogenen Fadenpilzen, und Hefeähnlichen Pathogenen. Von Europäischen Zentren gibt es nur vereinzelt Berichte über das Vorkommen dieser Pilzarten. Dies könnte entweder auf ein weniger häufiges Vorkommen oder auf unzureichende Diagnose dieser Pathogene zurückzuführen sein. 1. Bei einem Teil der pädiatrischena Patienten kommt es während der frühen Phase der Chemotherapie zu einer asymptomatischen Fungamie, die mit Hilfe des Screenings mittels Pan-Fungus-PCR detektierbar ist. Diese Patienten haben ein besonders hohes Risiko, in Phasen der Aplasie an einer IPI zu erkranken. Die Studie wird zeigen, ob ein Pilzpathogen-Screening mit molekularen Methoden bei Kindern unter Chemotherapie die Früherkennung von jenen Patienten ermöglicht die ein hohes Risiko für eine IPI haben und die daher von einer präemptiven Pilztherapie profitieren würden Darüber hinaus erwarten wir, dass die Ergebnisse dieser Studie Grundlagen für eine rationale Therapie invasiver Pilzinfektionen liefern werden. Die quantitative RQ-PCR Diagnostik soll einerseits eine frühzeitige Behandlung von Patienten mit einer IPI ermöglichen und andererseits, in Fällen, in denen keine systemische Pilztherapie indiziert ist, eine zusätzliche therapiebedingte Toxizität verhindern.
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